References

• ACTracker^® Database, 2007. Evanston, III: Solucient, LLC.
• Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary. Circulation. 2007;116:803-877.
• ANGIOMAX Prescribing Information. The Medicines Company; Parsippany, NJ, December 6, 2005.
• Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2008;117:296-329.
• Attubato MJ, Feit F, Bittl JA, et al. Major hemorrahage is an independent predictor of 1 year mortality following percutaneous coronary intervention: an analysis from REPLACE-2. Am J Cardiol. 2004; 946(6 Suppl 1):39E.
• Bates SM, Weitz JI. The mechanism of action of thrombin inhibitors. J Invas Cardiol. 2000;12(suppl F):1F-12F.
• Bittl JA. Switching from heparin to a thrombin-specific anticoagulant (bivalirudin) for PTCA in unstable angina patients reduces major clinical events. Circulation. 2000;102(18suppl):813.
• Bittl JA, Chaitman B, Feit F, Kimball W, Topol EJ. Bivalirudin versus heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina: final report reanalysis of the Bivalirudin Angioplasty Study. Am Heart J. 2001;142:952-959.
• Brummel KE, Paradis SG, Butenas S, Mann KG. Thrombin functions during tissue factor-induced blood coagulation. Blood. 2002;100:148-152.
• Cohen DJ. Economic implications of the use of direct thrombin inhibitors in percutaneous coronary intervention. Adv Stud Pharm. 2005;2:80-89.
• Cohen DJ, Lincoff AM, Lavelle TA, et al. Economic evaluation of bivalirudin with provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition versus heparin with routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition for percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the REPLACE-2 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1792-1800.
• Coughlin SR. Thrombin signalling and protease-activated receptors. Nature. 2000;407:258-264.
• Croce K, Libby P. Intertwining of thrombosis and inflammation in artherosclerosis. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14:55-61.
• Data on file. The Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY.
• Data on file. The Medicines Company; Parsippany, NJ.
• Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, Anand SS, Xie C, Fox KAA, Yusuf S. Adverse impact of bleeding on prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2006;114:774-782.
• EPISTENT Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled and balloon-angioplasty-controlled trial to assess safety of coronary stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade. Evaluation of platelet IIb/IIIa inhibitor for stenting. Lancet. 1998;352:87-92.
• ESPRIT Investigators. Novel dosing regimen of eptifibatide in planned coronary stent implantation (ESPRIT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;356:2037-44. Erratum in: Lancet. 2001;357:1370.
• Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation. 1995;92:657-671.
• Feit F. Optimizing percutaneous coronary intervention: significance of hemorrhagic complications. J Invas Cardiol. 2004;16(Suppl G): 21-25.
• Fritsma GA. Direct thrombin inhibitors. Clin Lab Sci. 2004;17:118-123.
• Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. Mechanisms of disease: the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:242-250.
• Gibson CM, Ten Y, Murphy SA, et al. Association of prerandomization anticoagulant switching with bleeding in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention (a REPLACE-2 analysis). Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:1687-1690.
• Gurm HS, Sarembrock IJ, Kereiakes DJ, et al. Use of bivalirudin during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes mellitus: an analysis from the REPLACE-2 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1932-1938.
• Hartman CA, Faria CE, Mago K. Visual compatibility of bivalirudin with selected drugs. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004;61:1774, 1776.
• Henry TD. Overcoming heparin limitations in high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: the alternative strategy – replacing heparin with bivalirudin. J Invas Cardiol. 2002;14(Suppl B):19B-29B.
• King SB III, Smith SC Jr, Hirshfeld JW Jr, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2008;117:261-295.
• Kinnaird TD, Stabile E, Mintz GS, et al. Incidence, predictors, and prognostic implications of bleeding and blood transfusion following percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:930-935.
• Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Harrington RA, et al. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:853-863.
• Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Harrington RA, et al; for the REPLACE-2 Investigators. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289:853-63. Erratum in: JAMA. 2003;289:1638.
• Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Kleiman NS, et al. Comparison of bivalirudin versus heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention (the Randomized Evaluation of PCI Linking Angiomax to Reduced Clinical Events [REPLACE-1] trial). Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:1092-1096.
• Lincoff AM, Kleiman NS, Kereiakes DJ, et al; for the REPLACE-2 Investigators. Long-term efficacy of bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade vs heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary revascularization: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:696-703.
• Lincoff AM, Kleiman NS, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. Bivalirudin with planned or provisional abciximab versus low-dose heparin and abciximab during percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of the Comparison of Abciximab Complications With Hirulog for Ischemic Events Trial (CACHET). Am Heart J. 2002;143:847-853.
• Mahaffey KW, Lewis, BE, Wildermann NM, et al. The Anticoagulant Therapy with Bivalirudin to Assist in the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia (ATBAT) study: main results. J Invas Cardiol. 2003;15:611-616.
• Mann KG. Thrombin formation. Chest. 2003;124:4S-10S.
• Mann KG, Butenas S, Brummel K. The dynamics of thrombin formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:17-25.
• Manoukian SV, Voeltz MD, Eikelboom J. Bleeding complications in acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention: predictors, prognostic significance, and paradigms for reducing risk. Clin Cardiol. 2007;30(suppl II):II-24-II-34.
• Mauri L, Hsieh WH, Massaro JM, Ho KKL, D’Agostino R, Cutlip DE. Stent thrombosis in randomized clinical trials of drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1020-1029.
• Mehran R; HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators. A prospective, randomized comparison of bivalirudin vs. heparin plus glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors during primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction—one year results [oral presentation]. Presented at: Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics (TCT); October 12-17, 2008; Washington, DC.
• Mehta S, Yebara SM, Ibrahim M, et al. Cedars Medical Center's experience: early ambulation post PCI with use of direct thrombin inhibitor, bivalirudin. Cath Lab Digest. 2004;12:1-4.
• Milkovitch G, Gibson G. Economic impact of bleeding complications and the role of antithrombotic therapies in percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003;60(suppl 3):S15-S21.
• Minutello RM, Wong SC, Chou ET, et al. Angiomax facilitates early sheath removal after coronary angioplasty: the AFRICA Study. (abstract 340). Presented at: 15th Transcatheter Cardiovascular Therapeutics Meeting; Washington, DC; 2003.
• Monroe DM, Hoffman M, Roberts HR. Platelets and thrombin generation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:1381-1389.
• Ndrepepa G, Berger PB, Mehilli J, et al. Periprocedural bleeding and 1-year outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions: appropriateness of including bleeding as a component of a quadruple end point. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:690-697.
• Pinto DS, Stone GW, Shi C, et al, on behalf of the ACUITY Investigators. Economic evaluation of bivalirudin with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition versus heparin with routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition for early invasive management of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;25:1758-1768.
• Rao SV, O’Grady K, Pieper KS, et al. Impact of bleeding severity on clinical outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1200-1206.
• Rao AK, Pratt C, Berke A, et al; for the TIMI Investigators. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) trial—phase I: hemorrhagic manifestations and changes in plasma fibrinogen and the fibrinolytic system in patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11:1-11.
• Reed MD, Bell D. Clinical pharmacology of bivalirudin. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22:105S-111S.
• Rich JD, Maraganore JM, Young EM, et al. Heparin resistance in acute coronary syndromes. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2007;23:93-100.
• Robson R. The use of bivalirudin in patients with renal impairment. J Invas Cardiol. 2000;12(suppl F):33F-36F.
• Schussler JM, Cameron CS, Anwar A, et al. Effect of bivalirudin on length of stay in the recovery area after percutaneous coronary intervention compared with heparin alone, heparin + abciximab, or heparin + eptifibatide. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1417-1419.
• Slater J, Selzer F, Feit F, Cohen HA, Jacobs AK, Williams DO. The impact of adverse access site hematoma in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the NHLBI Dynamic Registry. Circulation. 2003;356. (abstract 1667).
• Smith SC, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). American Heart Association Web Site. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org. Accessed November 14, 2005.
• Source^® Non-retail Database, 2002-2007. Conshohocken, Pa: Wolters Kluwer Health.
• Stone GW. Advantages of direct thrombin inhibition in high- and low-risk patients. J Invas Cardiol. 2004;16(Suppl. G):12G-17G.
• Stone GW, Bertrand M, Colombo A, et al. Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY (ACUITY) trial: study design and rationale. Am Heart J. 2004;148:764-775.
• Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al; for the ACUITY Investigators. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2203-2216.
• Stone GW, White HD, Ohman EM, et al; for the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategy (ACUITY) trial investigators. Bivalirudin in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Lancet. 2007;369:907-919.
• Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, et al. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2218-2230.
• Supplement to: Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al; for the ACUITY Investigators. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2203-2216. Available at: http://content.nejm.org. Accessed December 6, 2006.
• Topol EJ, Bonan R, Jewitt D, et al. Use of a direct antithrombin, hirulog, in place of heparin during coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1993;87:1622-1629.
• Trissel LA , Saenz CA. Compatibility screening of bivalirudin during simulated Y-site administration with other drugs. Int J Pharma Compound. 2002;6:311-315.
• Voeltz MD, Attubato MJ, Feit F, Lincoff AM, Manoukian SV. Anemia is associated with increased major bleeding complications and early mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: implications for choices in antithrombotic therapy. (abstract 1037-12). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(3 Suppl):31A.
• Warkentin TE. New approaches to the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Chest. 2005;127:35S-45S.
• Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 2004:223.
• Watson K, Seybert AL, Saul MI, et al. Comparison of patient outcomes with bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin in percutaneous coronary intervention. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:647-656.
• Weitz JI, Bates SM. Beyond heparin and aspirin: new treatments for unstable angina and non–Q-wave myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:749-758.
• Weitz JI, Hudoba M, Messel D, Maraganore J, Hirsh J. Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:385-391.
• Weitz J, Maraganore J. The thrombin-specific anticoagulant, bivalirudin, completely inhibits thrombin-mediated platelet aggregation. (abstract TCT-212). Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(5 suppl 1):83G.
• White HD, Chew DP, Hoekstra JW, et al. Safety and efficacy of switching from either unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin to bivalirudin in patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an invasive strategy: results from the ACUITY trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1734-1741.
• White HD, Ohman EM, Lincoff AM, et al. Safety and efficacy of bivalirudin with and without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: one year results from the ACUITY trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52;807-814.
• Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, Desaga M, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on the safety and effectiveness of bivalirudin in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: the HORIZONS AMI Trial. (abstract 2900-192) J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;B-67.
• Xiao Z, Theroux P. Platelet activation with unfractionated heparin at therapeutic concentrations and comparisons with a low-molecular-weight heparin and with a direct thrombin inhibitor. Circulation. 1998;97:251-256.
• Yeghiazarians Y, Braunstein JB, Askari A, Stone PH. Unstable angina pectoris. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:101-114.